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Study Material

  • Electric Charge and its properties

  • Coulomb′s law and Application

  • Vector form of Coulomb′s Law

  • Force between multiple charges (Superposition principle of electrostatic forces)

  • Electric Line of Force and its Properties

  • Electric field Intensity (Definition) and Electric field Intensity due to point charge

  • Electric Dipole and Derivation of Electric field intensity at different points of an electric dipole

  • Derivation of torque on an electric dipole in an uniform and a non-uniform electric field

  • Electric potential and derivation of electric potential at a point due to point charged particle

  • Work done by a rotating electric dipole in uniform electric field

  • The electric potential at different points of the electric dipole

  • The electric potential energy of an electric dipole in the uniform electric field

  • The electric potential energy of a system of Charges

  • Gauss's Law for Electric Flux and Derivation

  • Electric field intensity due to point charge by Gauss's Law

  • Electric field Intensity due to a uniformly charged Spherical Shell

  • Electric field intensity due to the uniformly charged solid sphere(Conducting and Non-conducting)

  • Electric field intensity due to thick hollow non-conducting sphere

  • Electric field intensity due to uniformly charged plane sheet and parallel sheet

  • Electric field intensity due to uniformly charged wire of infinite length

  • Capacitance of an Isolated Spherical Conductor

  • Potential Energy of a Charged Conductor

  • Parallel Plate Air Capacitor and Its Capacitance

  • Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor Partly Filled with Dielectric Slab between Plates

  • Force between the plates of a Charged Parallel Plate Capacitor

  • Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor


  • Description dielectric materials and their types


  • Relation between electric current and drift velocity

  • Derivation of Ohm's Law

  • Kirchhoff's laws for an electric circuits

  • Wheatstone's Bridge

  • Metre Bridge OR Slide Wire Bridge

  • Principle construction and working of potentiometer


  • Biot- Savart's Law

  • Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Field

  • Magnetic Field due to a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor of Finite Length

  • Ampere's circuital Law and its modification

  • Magnetic Field at the axis of a current-carrying circular loop

  • Magnetic Field at the center of a current-carrying circular loop

  • Principle, Construction and Working of Current Carrying Solenoid

  • Derivation of force on current carrying conductor in uniform magnetic field

  • Derivation of Force between two long and parallel current-carrying conductors


  • Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current carrying loop

  • Magnetic potential energy of current-loop in a magnetic field

  • Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron

  • Conversion of Galvanometer into an Ammeter


  • Diamagnetic substances and its properties

  • Paramagnetic substance and its properties


  • Mean Value and Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current

  • Alternating Current Circuit containing Resistance only (R-Circuit)

  • Alternating Current Circuit containing Inductance only (L-Circuit)

  • Alternating Current Circuit containing Capacitance only (C-Circuit)

  • Circuit containing Inductor and Resistor in Series (L-R Series Circuit )

  • Circuit containing Capacitor and Resistor in Series (C-R Series Circuit )

  • Circuit containing Inductor and Capacitor in Series (L-C Series Circuit )

  • Circuit containing Inductor, Capacitor, and Resistor in Series (L-C-R Series Circuit )

  • Power in Alternating Current Circuit

  • Merits and Demerits of Alternating Current in Comparison to Direct Current


  • Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

  • Self Induction and its Coefficient

  • Mutual Induction and its Coefficient


  • Classical world and Quantum world

  • Inadequacy of classical mechanics

  • Drawbacks of Old Quantum Theory

  • Bohr's Quantization Condition

  • Energy distribution spectrum of black body radiation

  • Energy distribution laws of black body radiation

  • The Compton Effect | Experiment Setup | Theory | Theoretical Expression | Limitation | Recoil Electron

  • Davisson and Germer's Experiment and Verification of the de-Broglie Relation

  • Significance of Compton's Effect

  • Assumptions of Planck’s Radiation Law

  • Derivation of Planck's Radiation Law

  • de-Broglie Concept of Matter wave

  • Definition and derivation of the phase velocity and group velocity of wave

  • Relation between group velocity and phase velocity ($V_{g}=V_{p}-\lambda \frac{dV_{p}}{d\lambda }$)

  • Group velocity is equal to particle velocity($V_{g}=v$)

  • Product of phase velocity and group velocity is equal to square of speed of light ($V_{p}.V_{g}=c^{2}$)

  • Heisenberg uncertainty principle

  • Generation of wave function for a free particle

  • Physical interpretation of the wave function

  • Derivation of time dependent Schrodinger wave equation

  • Derivation of time independent Schrodinger wave equation

  • Eigen Function, Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

  • Postulate of wave mechanics or Quantum Mechanics

  • Quantum Mechanical Operators

  • Normalized and Orthogonal wave function

  • Particle in one dimensional box (Infinite Potential Well)

  • Minimum Energy Or Zero Point Energy of a Particle in an one dimensional potential box or Infinite Well

  • Normalization of the wave function of a particle in one dimension box or infinite potential well

  • Orthogonality of the wave functions of a particle in one dimension box or infinite potential well

  • Eigen value of the momentum of a particle in one dimension box or infinite potential well

  • Schrodinger's equation for the complex conjugate waves function

  • Probability Current Density for a free particle in Quantum Mechanics

  • Ehrenfest's Theorem and Derivation

  • Momentum wave function for a free particle

  • Wave function of a particle in free state

  • One dimensional Step Potential Barrier for a Particle


  • Inertial-frame and Non-inertial frame

  • Galilean Transformation Equations and Failure of Galilean Relativity

  • Derivation of Lorentz Transformation's Equations

  • Consequences of Lorentz's Transformation Equations

  • Concept of Simultaneity in Special Relativity

  • Derivation of Addition of Velocity in Special Relativity

  • Variation of Mass with Velocity in Relativity

  • Einstein’s Mass Energy Relation Derivation


  • Construction and Working of Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile


  • Work Energy Theorem Statement and Derivation

  • Conservative force and Non Conservative force

  • Conservation Law of linear momentum and its Derivation

  • Relation between angular velocity and linear velocity

  • Relation between angular acceleration and linear acceleration

  • Definition and Derivation of Centripetal Acceleration

  • Definition and Practical Applications of Centripetal Force

  • Motion of body in a vertical circle and its Practical Applications

  • Principle and Proof of Law of Conservation of Energy

  • Definition of work done and its essential condition

  • Force of Friction | Expression for the acceleration and the work done on inclined rough surface| Advantage and Disadvantage


  • Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

  • Newton's law for Gravitational Force

  • Deduction of Newton's Law of gravitation from Kepler's Law

  • Relation between gravitational acceleration and gravitational force

  • Gravitational field, Intensity of Gravitational field and its expression

  • Derivation of Gravitational Potential due to Point mass and on the Earth

  • Derivation of Gravitational Potential Energy due to Point mass and on the Earth

  • Expression for Orbital velocity of Satellite and Time Period

  • Variation of Acceleration Due to Gravity


  • Characteristics of Electromagnetic Wave

  • Displacement Current

  • Derivation of Maxwell first equation

  • Derivation of Maxwell's second equation

  • Derivation of Maxwell's third equation

  • Derivation of Maxwell's forth equation

  • Equation of continuity of electromagnetic wave

  • Equation of continuity for current density

  • Electromagnetic wave equation in free space

  • Solution of electromagnetic wave equations in free space

  • Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves

  • Electric and magnetic field vector are mutually perpendicular to each other in electromagnetic wave

  • Electromagnetic wave equation in non conducting media (i.e. Perfect dielectric or Lossless media)

  • Solution of electromagnetic wave equations in non conducting media

  • Electromagnetic Wave Equation in Conducting Media (i.e. Lossy dielectric or Partially Conducting)

  • Solution of electromagnetic wave equations in conducting media

  • Characteristic impedance of electromagnetic wave

  • Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem

  • Energy flow in the electromagnetic wave in free space

  • Energy density in electromagnetic waves in free space

  • Momentum of electromagnetic wave

  • Radiation pressure of electromagnetic wave


  • Laser and properties of a Laser beam

  • Derivation of Einstein Coefficient Relation

  • Two Level Pumping in Laser

  • Three level pumping in Laser

  • Four level pumping in Laser

  • Application of Lasers

  • Brief Description of Liquid Lasers

  • Principle, Construction and Working of the Ruby Laser

  • Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Ruby Laser

  • Distinction between Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission of Radiation


  • Refraction of light and its Properties

  • Refraction of light through concave spherical surface

  • Refraction of light through convex spherical surface

  • Refraction of light through a thin lens Or Lens maker's formula

  • Combined focal length and power of two thin lenses in contact


  • Analytical expression of intensity for constructive and destructive interference due to Young's double slit

  • Interference of light due to thin film

  • Interference of light due to a wedge shaped thin film

  • Fringe width of wedge shaped thin film for normal incidence

  • Newton's rings in reflected monochromatic light


  • Difference between Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction

  • Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit

  • Fraunhofer diffraction due to a double slit

  • Missing Order in double slit diffraction pattern

  • Diffraction due to a plane diffraction grating or N- Parallel slits

  • Dispersive power of plane diffraction grating and its expression

  • Difference between interference and diffraction

  • Difference Between Prism Spectra and Grating Spectra


  • Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of the Optical Fibre

  • Comparison of Single Mode and Multimode Index Fibres

  • Comparison of Step Index and Graded Index Fibres


  • Principle of continuity in fluid

  • Bernoulli's Theorem and Derivation of Bernoulli's Equation

  • Principle, Construction and Working of Venturimeter

  • Viscosity, Viscous force and Coefficient of Viscosity


  • Difference between sound waves and light waves

  • Intensity of a wave


  • Bohr's Model of Atom

  • Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen-Like Atoms

  • Limitations of Bohr's Model


  • Laws of Photoelectric Emission

  • Failure of wave theory in explaining photoelectric emission effect

  • Einstein Photoelectric Emission


  • Basics and types of nanomaterials

  • Synthesis of Nanomaterials

  • Preparation of Nanostructured Particles By Sol-Gel Method

  • Nanoparticles and Its Properties


  • Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas


  • Concept of Perfect Gas

  • Kinetic theory of ideal gases


  • Nuclear Force and Its Properties


  • Superconductor and its properties


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    Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of the Optical Fibre

    Angle of Acceptance → If incident angle of light on the core for which the incident angle on the core-cladding interface equals the critical angle then incident angle of light on the core is called the "Angle of Acceptance. Transmission of light when the incident angle is equal to the acceptance angle If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}>\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be less than the critical angle due to which part of the incident light is transmitted into cladding as shown in the figure below Transmission of light when the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle If the incident angle is less than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}<\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be greater than the critical angle for which total internal reflection takes place inside the core. As shown in the figure below Transmission of lig
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    Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit

    Let $S$ be a point monochromatic source of light of wavelength $\lambda$ placed at the focus of collimating lens $L_{1}$. The light beam is incident normally from $S$ on a narrow slit $AB$ of width $e$ and is diffracted from it. The diffracted beam is focused at the screen $XY$ by another converging lens $L_{2}$. The diffraction pattern having a central bright band followed by an alternative dark and bright band of decreasing intensity on both sides is obtained. Analytical Explanation: The light from the source $S$ is incident as a plane wavefront on the slit $AB$. According to Huygens's wave theory, every point in $AB$ sends out secondary waves in all directions. The undeviated ray from $AB$ is focused at $C$ on the screen by the lens $L_{2}$ while the rays diffracted through an angle $\theta$ are focussed at point $p$ on the screen. The rays from the ends $A$ and $B$ reach $C$ in the same phase and hence the intensity is maximum. Fraunhofer diffraction due to
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    Particle in one dimensional box (Infinite Potential Well)

    Let us consider a particle of mass $m$ that is confined to one-dimensional region $0 \leq x \leq L$ or the particle is restricted to move along the $x$-axis between $x=0$ and $x=L$. Let the particle can move freely in either direction, between $x=0$ and $x=L$. The endpoints of the region behave as ideally reflecting barriers so that the particle can not leave the region. A potential energy function $V(x)$ for this situation is shown in the figure below. Particle in One-Dimensional Box(Infinite Potential Well) The potential energy inside the one -dimensional box can be represented as $\begin{Bmatrix} V(x)=0 &for \: 0\leq x \leq L \\ V(x)=\infty & for \: 0> x > L \\ \end{Bmatrix}$ $\frac{d^{2} \psi(x)}{d x^{2}}+\frac{2m}{\hbar^{2}}(E-V)\psi(x)=0 \qquad(1)$ If the particle is free in a one-dimensional box, Schrodinger's wave equation can be written as: $\frac{d^{2} \psi(x)}{d x^{2}}+\frac{2mE}{\hbar^{2}}\psi(x)=0$ $\frac{d^{2} \psi(x)}{d x
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