Mutual Induction:
When two coils are placed near each other then the change in current in one coil ( Primary Coil) produces electro-motive force $\left( emf \right)$ in the adjacent coil ( i.e. secondary coil). This phenomenon is called the principle of Mutual Induction.
The direction of electro-motive force $\left( emf \right)$ depends or can be found by "Lenz's Law"
Mathematical Analysis of Coefficient of Mutual Induction:
Let us consider that two coils having the number of turns are $N_{1}$ and $N_{2}$. If these coils are placed near to each other and the change in current of the primary coil is $i_{1}$, then linkage flux in the secondary coil will be
$N_{2}\phi_{2} \propto i_{1}$
$N_{2}\phi_{2} = M i_{1} \qquad(1)$
Where $M$ $\rightarrow$ Coefficient of Mutual Induction.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The electro-motive force $\left( emf \right)$ in the secondary coil is
$e_{2}=-N_{2}\left( \frac{d \phi_{2}}{dt} \right)$
$e_{2}=-\frac{d \left(N_{2} \phi_{2} \right)}{dt} \qquad(2)$
From equation $(1)$ and equation $(2)$
$e_{2}=-\frac{d \left(M i_{1} \right)}{dt} $
$e_{2}=-M \left(\frac{d i_{1}}{dt} \right) $
$M = \frac{e_{2}}{\left(\frac{d i_{1}}{dt} \right)}$
If $\left(\frac{d i_{1}}{dt} \right) = 1$
Then
$M = e_{2}$
The above equation shows that If the rate of flow of current in the primary coil is unit then the coefficient of mutual induction will be equal to the induced electro-motive force $\left( emf \right)$ in the secondary coil.
Angle of Acceptance → If incident angle of light on the core for which the incident angle on the core-cladding interface equals the critical angle then incident angle of light on the core is called the "Angle of Acceptance. Transmission of light when the incident angle is equal to the acceptance angle If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}>\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be less than the critical angle due to which part of the incident light is transmitted into cladding as shown in the figure below Transmission of light when the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle If the incident angle is less than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}<\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be greater than the critical angle for which total internal reflection takes place inside the core. As shown in the figure below Transmission of lig
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