Isothermal Process:
1.) In this process temperature remains constant i.e.$(\Delta T= 0)$.
2.) In this process internal energy remains constant i.e. $(\Delta U= 0)$.
3.) This process takes place very slowly.
4.) In this process the system is surrounded by a perfectly conducting material, whose conductivity is infinite.
5.) This process obeys Boyle's law i.e. $(PV= constant)$.
6.) In this process the slope of isothermal curve $=-\frac{P}{V}$
7.) In this process specific heat of gas should be infinite.
Adiabatic Process:
1.) In this process exchange of heat does not take place i.e. $(\Delta Q= 0)$ but temperature changes.
2.) In this process internal energy changes.
3.) This process takes place very rapidly.
4.) In this process the system is surrounded by a perfectly insulating material, whose conductivity is zero.
5.) This process obeys Poisson's law i.e. $(PV^{\gamma} = constant)$.
6.) In this process the slope of adiabatic curve $=- \gamma \frac{P}{V}$
7.) In this process specific heat of gas should be zero.
Angle of Acceptance → If incident angle of light on the core for which the incident angle on the core-cladding interface equals the critical angle then incident angle of light on the core is called the "Angle of Acceptance. Transmission of light when the incident angle is equal to the acceptance angle If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}>\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be less than the critical angle due to which part of the incident light is transmitted into cladding as shown in the figure below Transmission of light when the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle If the incident angle is less than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}<\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be greater than the critical angle for which total internal reflection takes place inside the core. As shown in the figure below Transmission of lig
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