Newton's law for Gravitational Force

Gravitational Force →

Newton's Gravitational Law statement is a combination of three individual statements. These are

The force between the two-particle is directly proportional to the product of their masses i.e.

$F \propto m_{1} \: m_{2} \qquad(1)$

Where $m_{1}$ & $m_{2}$ are the masses of the particles.

The force between the two-particle is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them i.e.

$F \propto \frac{1}{r^{2}} \qquad(2)$

Where $r$ is the distance between the particles.

This force always acts between the line joining the masses.

From the above the equation $(1)$ and equation $(2)$

$F\propto \frac{m_{1} \: m_{2}}{r^{2}}$

$F=G \frac{m_{1} \: m_{2}}{r^{2}}$

Where $G$ is Newton's gravitaional constant and its experimental value $6.67\times 10^{-11} \frac{N-m^{2}}{kg^{2}}$

Properties of Newton's law for Gravitational force →

There are the following properties of Newton's law for gravitational force

Gravitational force is always an attractive force.

Gravitational force is action and reaction pair and follows Newton's third law.

A Gravitational force is a conservative force.

Gravitational force is central force i.e. it is always acting along the line joining between two particles.

Unit and Dimensional formula of $G$

The unit of $G$ is $\frac{N-m^{2}}{kg^{2}}$

The dimensional Formula of $G$ is $[M^{-1}L^{3}T^{-2}]$

Comments

Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of the Optical Fibre

Angle of Acceptance → If incident angle of light on the core for which the incident angle on the core-cladding interface equals the critical angle then incident angle of light on the core is called the "Angle of Acceptance. Transmission of light when the incident angle is equal to the acceptance angle If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}>\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be less than the critical angle due to which part of the incident light is transmitted into cladding as shown in the figure below Transmission of light when the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle If the incident angle is less than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}<\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be greater than the critical angle for which total internal reflection takes place inside the core. As shown in the figure below Transmission of lig

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Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit

Let $S$ be a point monochromatic source of light of wavelength $\lambda$ placed at the focus of collimating lens $L_{1}$. The light beam is incident normally from $S$ on a narrow slit $AB$ of width $e$ and is diffracted from it. The diffracted beam is focused at the screen $XY$ by another converging lens $L_{2}$. The diffraction pattern having a central bright band followed by an alternative dark and bright band of decreasing intensity on both sides is obtained. Analytical Explanation: The light from the source $S$ is incident as a plane wavefront on the slit $AB$. According to Huygens's wave theory, every point in $AB$ sends out secondary waves in all directions. The undeviated ray from $AB$ is focused at $C$ on the screen by the lens $L_{2}$ while the rays diffracted through an angle $\theta$ are focussed at point $p$ on the screen. The rays from the ends $A$ and $B$ reach $C$ in the same phase and hence the intensity is maximum. Fraunhofer diffraction due to

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Particle in one dimensional box (Infinite Potential Well)

Let us consider a particle of mass $m$ that is confined to one-dimensional region $0 \leq x \leq L$ or the particle is restricted to move along the $x$-axis between $x=0$ and $x=L$. Let the particle can move freely in either direction, between $x=0$ and $x=L$. The endpoints of the region behave as ideally reflecting barriers so that the particle can not leave the region. A potential energy function $V(x)$ for this situation is shown in the figure below. Particle in One-Dimensional Box(Infinite Potential Well) The potential energy inside the one -dimensional box can be represented as $\begin{Bmatrix} V(x)=0 &for \: 0\leq x \leq L \\ V(x)=\infty & for \: 0> x > L \\ \end{Bmatrix}$ $\frac{d^{2} \psi(x)}{d x^{2}}+\frac{2m}{\hbar^{2}}(E-V)\psi(x)=0 \qquad(1)$ If the particle is free in a one-dimensional box, Schrodinger's wave equation can be written as: $\frac{d^{2} \psi(x)}{d x^{2}}+\frac{2mE}{\hbar^{2}}\psi(x)=0$ $\frac{d^{2} \psi(x)}{d x

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