Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:
The Faraday's experiment shows the two laws which are known as Farday's laws of electromagnetic induction
First Law (Neumann's Law): The rate of change of magnetic flux through a circuit is equal to the emf produced in the circuit. This is also known as "Neumann Law"
$e=-\frac{\Delta \phi}{ \Delta t}$
Here negative sign shows the direction of emf.
If $\Delta t \rightarrow 0$
$e=-\frac{d \phi}{ d t}$
This equation represents an independent experimental law that cannot be derived from other experimental laws.
If the circuit is a tightly wound coil of $N$ turns, then the induced emf
$e=-N\frac{d \phi}{ d t}$
$e=-\frac{d \left(N \phi\right)}{ dt}$
Here $N \phi$ is called the 'Linkage magnetic flux'.
Note: The change in flux induces emf, not the current.
Second Law (Lenz's Law): The direction of induced EMF produced in a closed circuit is such that it opposes the original cause that produces it. It is also called "Lenz's law". The direction of induced EMF is described by Fleming's right-hand rule.
Angle of Acceptance → If incident angle of light on the core for which the incident angle on the core-cladding interface equals the critical angle then incident angle of light on the core is called the "Angle of Acceptance. Transmission of light when the incident angle is equal to the acceptance angle If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}>\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be less than the critical angle due to which part of the incident light is transmitted into cladding as shown in the figure below Transmission of light when the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle If the incident angle is less than the acceptance angle i.e. $\theta_{i}<\theta_{0}$ then the angle of incidence on the core-cladding interface will be greater than the critical angle for which total internal reflection takes place inside the core. As shown in the figure below Transmission of lig
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