Physics Vidyapith ✍️

In the field of nanomaterials, there are two main approaches to their synthesis and fabrication. A.) Top-Down Approach B.) Bottom-up Approach These two approaches are based on the methods used to create or assemble nanoscale materials and structures. A.) Top-Down Approach: In this approach, large-scale materials (i.e. Bulk materials) are broken down into smaller and smaller components until they reach the desired nanoscale dimensions i.e. firstly the bulk material is converted into powder form and then the powder's form is converted into nanoparticles. There are various physical methods (like Arc discharge method, Electron beam lithography, Mechanical grinding, etc) used to convert the bulk material into powder form and powder form is converted into nanoparticles by chemical methods (like Sol-Gel Process, Electrochemical method, Microemulsion etc.). One of the challenges with the top-down approach is that it may lead to a lack of control over the final nanomaterial'

What is a nanoparticle? Those particles that have size ranges between $1$ to $100 \: nanometres$ are called a nanoparticle. The particles are undetectable by the human eye. There are significant differences in the properties (like magnetic, electrical, Structural, Mechanical, and optical properties) of nanoparticles and bulk materials. What is nanomaterial? Those materials that have at least one dimension should be in nanometres i.e. $10^{-9}m$ are called nanomaterials. The prefix 'nano' means a billionth $(10^{-9})$. Types of nanomaterials There are two types of nanomaterial that can be classified: A.) On the basis of dimension B.) On the basis of material A.) On the basis of dimensions: According to Siegel, nanostructured materials are classified on the basis of dimension: 1.) Three-dimensional nanomaterials (Bulk Nanomaterial) 2.) Two-dimensional nanomaterials (Quantum Well) 3.) One-dimensional nanomaterials (Quantum Wire) 4.) Zero-d