No posts with label Ray Optics. Show all posts
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Study-Material


  • Electric Charge and its properties

  • Comparison between electric charge and mass

  • Coulomb′s law and Application

  • Vector form of Coulomb′s Law

  • Force between multiple charges (Superposition principle of electrostatic forces)

  • Electric Line of Force and its Properties

  • Electric field Intensity (Definition) and Electric field Intensity due to point charge

  • Electric Dipole and Derivation of Electric field intensity at different points of an electric dipole

  • Derivation of torque on an electric dipole in an uniform and a non-uniform electric field


  • Electric potential and derivation of electric potential at a point due to point charged particle

  • Work done by a rotating electric dipole in uniform electric field

  • The electric potential at different points of the electric dipole

  • The electric potential energy of an electric dipole in the uniform electric field

  • The electric potential energy of a system of Charges


  • Gaussian Surface and its Properties

  • Gauss's Law for Electric Flux and Derivation

  • Electric field intensity due to point charge by Gauss's Law

  • Electric field Intensity due to a uniformly charged Spherical Shell

  • Electric field intensity due to the uniformly charged solid sphere(Conducting and Non-conducting)

  • Electric field intensity due to thick hollow non-conducting sphere

  • Electric field intensity due to uniformly charged plane sheet and parallel sheet

  • Electric field intensity due to uniformly charged wire of infinite length


  • Capacitance of an Isolated Spherical Conductor

  • Potential Energy of a Charged Conductor

  • Parallel Plate Air Capacitor and Its Capacitance

  • Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor Partly Filled with Dielectric Slab between Plates

  • Force between the plates of a Charged Parallel Plate Capacitor

  • Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor



  • Description dielectric materials and their types



  • Combination of cell in the circuit

  • Relation between electromotive force (E), internal resistance (r) and potential difference (V) in a circuit

  • Relation between electric current and drift velocity

  • Derivation of Ohm's Law

  • Kirchhoff's laws for an electric circuits

  • Wheatstone's Bridge

  • Metre Bridge OR Slide Wire Bridge

  • Principle construction and working of potentiometer

  • Difference between Potentiometer and Voltmeter



  • Biot- Savart's Law

  • Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Field

  • Magnetic Field due to a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor of Finite Length

  • Ampere's circuital Law and its modification

  • Magnetic Field at the axis of a current-carrying circular loop

  • Magnetic Field at the center of a current-carrying circular loop

  • Principle, Construction and Working of Current Carrying Solenoid

  • Derivation of force on current carrying conductor in uniform magnetic field

  • Derivation of Force between two long and parallel current-carrying conductors



  • Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current carrying loop

  • Magnetic potential energy of current-loop in a magnetic field

  • Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron

  • Conversion of Galvanometer into an Ammeter

  • Conversion of Galvanometer into a Voltmeter



  • Diamagnetic substances and its properties

  • Paramagnetic substance and its properties



  • Mean Value and Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current

  • Alternating Current Circuit containing Resistance only (R-Circuit)

  • Alternating Current Circuit containing Inductance only (L-Circuit)

  • Alternating Current Circuit containing Capacitance only (C-Circuit)

  • Circuit containing Inductor and Resistor in Series (L-R Series Circuit )

  • Circuit containing Capacitor and Resistor in Series (C-R Series Circuit )

  • Circuit containing Inductor and Capacitor in Series (L-C Series Circuit )

  • Circuit containing Inductor, Capacitor, and Resistor in Series (L-C-R Series Circuit )

  • Power in Alternating Current Circuit

  • Merits and Demerits of Alternating Current in Comparison to Direct Current



  • Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

  • Self Induction and its Coefficient

  • Mutual Induction and its Coefficient



  • Classical world and Quantum world

  • Inadequacy of classical mechanics

  • Drawbacks of Old Quantum Theory

  • Bohr's Quantization Condition

  • Energy distribution spectrum of black body radiation

  • Energy distribution laws of black body radiation

  • The Compton Effect | Experiment Setup | Theory | Theoretical Expression | Limitation | Recoil Electron

  • Davisson and Germer's Experiment and Verification of the de-Broglie Relation

  • Significance of Compton's Effect

  • Assumptions of Planck’s Radiation Law

  • Derivation of Planck's Radiation Law

  • de-Broglie Concept of Matter wave

  • Definition and derivation of the phase velocity and group velocity of wave

  • Relation between group velocity and phase velocity ($V_{g}=V_{p}-\lambda \frac{dV_{p}}{d\lambda }$)

  • Group velocity is equal to particle velocity($V_{g}=v$)

  • Product of phase velocity and group velocity is equal to square of speed of light ($V_{p}.V_{g}=c^{2}$)

  • Heisenberg uncertainty principle

  • Generation of wave function for a free particle

  • Physical interpretation of the wave function

  • Derivation of time dependent Schrodinger wave equation

  • Derivation of time independent Schrodinger wave equation

  • Eigen Function, Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

  • Postulate of wave mechanics or Quantum Mechanics

  • Quantum Mechanical Operators

  • Normalized and Orthogonal wave function

  • Particle in one dimensional box (Infinite Potential Well)

  • Minimum Energy Or Zero Point Energy of a Particle in an one dimensional potential box or Infinite Well

  • Normalization of the wave function of a particle in one dimension box or infinite potential well

  • Orthogonality of the wave functions of a particle in one dimension box or infinite potential well

  • Eigen value of the momentum of a particle in one dimension box or infinite potential well

  • Schrodinger's equation for the complex conjugate waves function

  • Probability Current Density for a free particle in Quantum Mechanics

  • Ehrenfest's Theorem and Derivation

  • Momentum wave function for a free particle

  • Wave function of a particle in free state

  • One dimensional Step Potential Barrier for a Particle



  • Overview and History of Special Relativity

  • Inertial-frame and Non-inertial frame

  • Galilean Transformation Equations and Failure of Galilean Relativity

  • Derivation of Lorentz Transformation's Equations

  • Consequences of Lorentz's Transformation Equations

  • Concept of Simultaneity in Special Relativity

  • Derivation of Addition of Velocity in Special Relativity

  • Variation of Mass with Velocity in Relativity

  • Einstein’s Mass Energy Relation Derivation



  • Nuclear Force and Its Properties

  • Weak nuclear force or interaction and its properties

  • Radioactive Decay and its types

  • Mass Defect, Binding Energy and Binding Energy per nucleon

  • Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion

  • Binding Energy Curve

  • Construction and Working of Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile

  • Safety measures for nuclear power plants



  • Description of Force and their Types

  • Work Energy Theorem Statement and Derivation

  • Conservative force and Non Conservative force

  • Conservation Law of linear momentum and its Derivation

  • Relation between angular velocity and linear velocity

  • Relation between angular acceleration and linear acceleration

  • Definition and Derivation of Centripetal Acceleration

  • Definition and Practical Applications of Centripetal Force

  • Motion of body in a vertical circle and its Practical Applications

  • Principle and Proof of Law of Conservation of Energy

  • Definition of work done and its essential condition

  • Force of Friction | Expression for the acceleration and the work done on inclined rough surface| Advantage and Disadvantage



  • Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

  • Newton's law for Gravitational Force

  • Deduction of Newton's Law of gravitation from Kepler's Law

  • Relation between gravitational acceleration and gravitational force

  • Gravitational field, Intensity of Gravitational field and its expression

  • Derivation of Gravitational Potential due to Point mass and on the Earth

  • Derivation of Gravitational Potential Energy due to Point mass and on the Earth

  • Expression for Orbital velocity of Satellite and Time Period

  • Variation of Acceleration Due to Gravity



  • Characteristics of Electromagnetic Wave

  • Displacement Current

  • Derivation of Maxwell first equation

  • Derivation of Maxwell's second equation

  • Derivation of Maxwell's third equation

  • Derivation of Maxwell's forth equation

  • Equation of continuity of electromagnetic wave

  • Equation of continuity for current density

  • Electromagnetic wave equation in free space

  • Solution of electromagnetic wave equations in free space

  • Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves

  • Electric and magnetic field vector are mutually perpendicular to each other in electromagnetic wave

  • Electromagnetic wave equation in non conducting media (i.e. Perfect dielectric or Lossless media)

  • Solution of electromagnetic wave equations in non conducting media

  • Electromagnetic Wave Equation in Conducting Media (i.e. Lossy dielectric or Partially Conducting)

  • Solution of electromagnetic wave equations in conducting media

  • Characteristic impedance of electromagnetic wave

  • Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem

  • Energy flow in the electromagnetic wave in free space

  • Energy density in electromagnetic waves in free space

  • Momentum of electromagnetic wave

  • Radiation pressure of electromagnetic wave



  • Laser and properties of a Laser beam

  • High Monochromaticity of Laser Light

  • Population of energy level and it thermal equilibrium condition

  • Absorption, Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission of Radiation

  • Derivation of Einstein Coefficient Relation

  • Two Level Pumping in Laser

  • Three level pumping in Laser

  • Four level pumping in Laser

  • Application of Lasers

  • Brief Description of Liquid Lasers

  • Principle, Construction and Working of the Ruby Laser

  • Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Ruby Laser

  • Distinction between Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission of Radiation

  • Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)



  • Light and its properties

  • Refraction of light and its Properties

  • Refraction of light through concave spherical surface

  • Refraction of light through convex spherical surface

  • Refraction of light through a thin lens Or Lens maker's formula

  • Combined focal length and power of two thin lenses in contact



  • Principle Construction, Working and Angular Magnification of Simple Microscope

  • Principle Construction, Working and Angular Magnification of Compound Microscope



  • Analytical expression of intensity for constructive and destructive interference due to Young's double slit

  • Interference of light due to thin film

  • Interference of light due to a wedge shaped thin film

  • Fringe width of wedge shaped thin film for normal incidence

  • Newton's rings in reflected monochromatic light



  • Difference between Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction

  • Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit

  • Fraunhofer diffraction due to a double slit

  • Missing Order in double slit diffraction pattern

  • Diffraction due to a plane diffraction grating or N- Parallel slits

  • Dispersive power of plane diffraction grating and its expression

  • Difference between interference and diffraction

  • Difference Between Prism Spectra and Grating Spectra

  • Resolving Power of Optical Instrument | Rayleigh Criterion of Resolution



  • Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of the Optical Fibre

  • Comparison of Single Mode and Multimode Index Fibres

  • Comparison of Step Index and Graded Index Fibres

  • Attenuation of optical signal in optical fibre

  • Principle of optical fibre communication



  • Fluid and it's important characteristics

  • Principle of continuity in fluid

  • Bernoulli's Theorem and Derivation of Bernoulli's Equation

  • Principle, Construction and Working of Venturimeter

  • Viscosity, Viscous force and Coefficient of Viscosity



  • Difference between sound waves and light waves

  • Difference between Natural (Free) Vibrations and Forced Vibrations

  • Difference between Natural Vibrations and Damped Vibrations

  • Difference between Forced Vibrations and Resonant Vibrations

  • Intensity of a wave



  • Bohr's Model of Atom

  • Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen-Like Atoms

  • Limitations of Bohr's Model

  • Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom



  • Laws of Photoelectric Emission

  • Failure of wave theory in explaining photoelectric emission effect

  • Einstein Photoelectric Emission



  • Basics and types of nanomaterials

  • Synthesis of Nanomaterials

  • Preparation of Nanostructured Particles By Sol-Gel Method

  • Nanoparticles and Its Properties



  • Difference between Heat and Temperature

  • Difference between Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity

  • Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas



  • Concept of Perfect Gas

  • Kinetic theory of ideal gases



  • Superconductor and its properties



  • Origin of Biomedical Signals



  • Basics of Semiconductor Materials

  • Basics of Third Generation Solar Cells and Their Types



  • Renewable Energy Sources



  • Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

  • Description of Errors in Measurement

  • Finding Significant Figures in a Measurement


    • Blog Archive